Overview of Genitourinary Disorders

What does genitourinary mean?

Genitourinary is a word that refers to the urinary and genital organs.

Urology is the branch of medicine concerned with the urinary tract in both genders and the genital tract of the reproductive system in males.

Nephrology is the branch of medicine concerned with the kidney.

What is the urinary tract?

The urinary tract includes the organ system primarily responsible for cleaning and filtering excess fluid and waste material from the blood. The urinary system is comprised of the following:

• kidneys
• ureters
• bladder
• urethra

The kidneys also function as glands that produce hormones necessary for building red blood cells and regulating blood pressure.

What causes problems in the urinary system?

In children, problems of the urinary system include acute and chronic kidney failure, urinary tract infections, obstructions along the urinary tract, and abnormalities present at birth.

Diseases of the kidneys often produce temporary or permanent changes to the small functional structures and vessels inside the kidney. Frequent urinary tract infections can cause scarring to these structures leading to renal (kidney) failure. Some diseases that cause kidney damage include:

• glomerulonephritis
• hemolytic uremic syndrome
• polycystic kidney disease
• hydronephrosis
• urinary tract infections

Disorders of the urinary tract are often related to a blockage that prevents complete emptying of the bladder and often leads to reverse flow of urine. A urinary tract obstruction can cause damage to the urinary tract and kidneys because urine backs-up and pools in various areas along the tract. Pooling of urine in the bladder, ureters, or kidneys can lead to infection, scarring, and long-term kidney failure. Some disorders that cause obstruction of the urinary tract include:

• megaureter
• posterior urethral valves
• ureterocele or ureteral duplication
• vesicoureteral reflux
• neurogenic bladder

Several disorders of the urinary tract only affect males, which are largely related to the male anatomy as well as fetal development. Disorders that affect males may involve the penis, urethra, or testes. Some of the male urogenital disorders include:

• undescended testes or cryptorchidism
• hydrocele
• hypospadias
• inguinal hernia
• micropenis
• testicular torsion

Disorders of the genitourinary system in children are often detected by fetal ultrasound prior to birth. If not detected on fetal ultrasound, often children will develop a urinary tract infection that will prompt your child's physician to perform special diagnostic tests that may detect an abnormality. Some diseases of the kidney do not reveal themselves until later in life or after a child has a bacterial infection or an immune disorder.

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